Detecting Mechanical Alternans Utilizing Photoplethysmography

Mechanical alternans (M4) is a biomarker associated with mortality in heart failure patients. Its detection through continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring is costly and impractical. In this work, we propose the use of photoplethysmography (PPG) as a non-invasive solution for MA detection. Continuous invasive BP and PPG were recorded and analyzed during ventricular pacing in 10 patients. The presence of MA was evaluated in BP and in features characterizing the PPG pulse morphology. Mechanical alternans was defined as an alternation in maximum dP/dt for a duration of 20 consecutive heart beats or more. Mechanical alternans was observed in BP in 5 patients (50%). The PPG-based MA surrogates showing the highest detection accuracy, were the maximum of the first derivative of the PPG pulse (V'(M)), and the pulse amplitude (A). Both features allow detection of MA positive patients with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The magnitude of MA was correlated between BP and V'( )(M)PPG (R=0.92, p<0.001) and between BP and A PPG (R=0.89, p<0.001). In conclusion, MA can be accurately detected noninvasively through the PPG.