HLS-based HW/SW Co-design and Hybrid HLS-RTL Design for Post-Quantum Cryptosystem

paper presents the design of the postquantum secure encryption algorithm, Crystals- Kyber, a next-generation public key encryption system based on high-level synthesis (HLS). Furthermore, we propose a hardware/software (HW/SW) co-design approach and a hybrid HLSRTL design to implement the Crystals-Kyber postquantum secure encryption system and present the corresponding results. In the HW/SW co-design, we optimized the Crystals-Kyber intellectual property core using HLS for the HW component, while the SW component was implemented on the Xilinx ZYNQ 104 FPGA using Xilinx's PYNQ platform with Python host code. The hybrid design enhanced the overall latency by replacing the polynomial multiplication module in Crystals-Kyber generated by HLS with a transform module with high data throughput. The results demonstrate a significant latency improvement of approximately 40% compared with the Crystals-Kyber designed solely with HLS, and improved area-time product results.