Is it the way they use it? Teachers, ICT and student achievement

We provide evidence on whether ICT-related teaching practices affect student achievement. We use a unique student-teacher dataset containing variables on a wide set of very specific uses of computer and ICT by teachers matched with data on national standardized tests for 10th grade students. Our identification strategy relies on a within-student between-subject estimator and on a rich set of teacher's controls. We find that computer-based teaching methods increase student performance when they increase students' awareness in ICE use and when they enhance communication. Instead, we find a negative impact of practices requiring an active role of the students in classes using ICE. Our findings suggest that the effectiveness of ICE at school depends on the actual practice that teachers make of it and on their ability to integrate ICE into their teaching process. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.