A Simple Power Analysis of an FPGA implementation of a polynomial multiplier for the NTRU cryptosystem

As quantum computing technology advances, the security of traditional cryptographic systems is becoming increasingly vulnerable. To address this issue, Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) has emerged as a promising solution that can withstand the brute force of quantum computers. However, PQC is not immune to attacks that exploit weaknesses in implementation, such as Side Channel Attacks (SCAs). SCAs can extract secret keys by analyzing the physical characteristics such as power consumption of the device while performing cryptographic operation. Simple Power Analysis (SPA) is a type of SCA that uses power consumption measurements to extract sensitive information. By applying SPA to a specific hardware implementation of a PQC algorithm such as the NTRU, potential vulnerabilities can appear in the Arithmetic Unit (AU) in charge of the multiplication operation. The effectiveness of this analysis to extract sensitive information has been evaluated through extensive experiments in which different countermeasures and strategies have been proposed, as well as an accelerated algorithm has been implemented. The results demonstrate that SPA can point out security breaches in the NTRU implementation, indicating an issue that can affect the PQC in the future.