Neural network guided sinogram-domain iterative algorithm for artifact reduction

BackgroundArtifact reduction or removal is a challenging task when the artifact creation physics are not well modeled mathematically. One of such situations is metal artifacts in x-ray CT when the metallic material is unknown, and the x-ray spectrum is wide. PurposeA neural network is used to act as the objective function for iterative artifact reduction when the artifact model is unknown. MethodsA hypothetical unpredictable projection data distortion model is used to illustrate the proposed approach. The model is unpredictable, because it is controlled by a random variable. A convolutional neural network is trained to recognize the artifacts. The trained network is then used to compute the objective function for an iterative algorithm, which tries to reduce the artifacts in a computed tomography (CT) task. The objective function is evaluated in the image domain. The iterative algorithm for artifact reduction is in the projection domain. A gradient descent algorithm is used for the objective function optimization. The associated gradient is calculated with the chain rule. ResultsThe learning curves illustrate the decreasing treads of the objective function as the number of iterations increases. The images after the iterative treatment show the reduction of artifacts. A quantitative metric, the Sum Square Difference (SSD), also indicates the effectiveness of the proposed method. ConclusionThe methodology of using a neural network as an objective function has potential value for situations where a human developed model is difficult to describe the underlying physics. Real-world applications are expected to be benefit from this methodology.