Efficient Adsorptive Removal of Humic Acid from Water Using Zeolitic Imidazole Framework-8 (ZIF-8)

To develop an efficient adsorbent for humic acid, the present study represents the first attempt to investigate the capability of zeolitic imidazole frameworks to remove humic acid from water. Zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) is particularly selected as a prototype ZIF to adsorb humic acid owing to its high stability in aqueous solutions. ZIF-8 was synthesized and characterized using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction pattern (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and then used to adsorb humic acid under various conditions. The structure of ZIF-8 was found to remain intact after the exposure to humic acid in water. Factors affecting the adsorption were examined, including solid-to-liquid ratio, mixing time, temperature, pH, presence of salt, and surfactants. The adsorption capacity of ZIF-8 was found to be much higher than that of activated carbon, fly ash, zeolites, graphite, etc., showing its promising potential for removal of humic acid. The adsorption mechanism could be attributed to the electrostatic interaction between the positive surface of ZIF-8 and the acidic sites of humic acid, as well as the π–π stacking interaction between imidazole of ZIF-8 and benzene rings of humic acid. The humic acid adsorption to ZIF-8 could be enhanced in the acidic conditions, and the adsorption process remained highly stable in the solutions of a wide range of NaCl concentrations. ZIF-8 can be also regenerated by simple ethanol-washing process and reused for humic acid adsorption. These features enable ZIF-8 to be an efficient and stable adsorbent to remove humic acid from water.