Planar heterojunction formamidinium lead-based perovskite solar cells with MXenes/Au electrode

Formamidinium (NH2CHNH2+) lead-based perovskite materials are becoming one of the suitable materials for planar heterojunction solar cell due to its wide bandgap tunability feature. In this work, simulation of formamidinium lead-based perovskite solar cell device is performed using SCAPS-1D software where bandgap of the absorber layer has been varied along with the other parameters like electron affinity, conduction & valence band effective density of states and thickness. With those variations, photovoltaic performance parameters e.g., open circuit voltage (VOC\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$V_{OC}$$\end{document}), current density (JSC\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$J_{SC}$$\end{document}), efficiency (η\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\eta$$\end{document}), fill factor (FF\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$FF$$\end{document}), and Quantum efficiency (QE\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$QE$$\end{document}) have been investigated. The effect of thickness variation of absorber layer, SnO2 and ZnO as a different ETL material and effect of gold (Au)/2-D MXenes Ti3C2Tx\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left( {{\text{Ti}}_{3} {\text{C}}_{2} {\text{T}}_{x} } \right)$$\end{document} as a rear electrode have been explored and depicted its effects on overall photovoltaic performance parameters. Further, the effects of series/shunt resistance (RSeriesandRShunt\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$R_{Series} {\text{and}} R_{Shunt}$$\end{document}) have also been simulated using SCAPS-1D software.