Multi-population cooperative teaching–learning-based optimization for nonlinear equation systems

Solving nonlinear equation systems (NESs) requires locating different roots in one run. To effectively deal with NESs, a multi-population cooperative teaching–learning-based optimization, named MCTLBO, is presented. The innovations of MCTLBO are as follows: (i) two niching technique (crowding and improved speciation) are integrated into the algorithm to enhance population diversity; (ii) an adaptive selection scheme is proposed to select the learning rules in the teaching phase; (iii) the new learning rules based on experience learning are developed to promote the search efficiency in the teaching and learning phases. MCTLBO was tested on 30 classical problems and the experimental results show that MCTLBO has better root finding performance than other algorithms. In addition, MCTLBO achieves competitive results in eighteen new test sets.