Hepatitis A vaccination of infants: effect of maternal antibody status on antibody persistence and response to a booster dose

Background. Infants with passively transferred maternal antibody (PMA) to hepatitis A virus (HAV) have lower concentrations of antibody to HAV (anti-HAV) after vaccination. We examined the effect of PMA on persistence of anti-HAV and on immune memory. Methods. We measured anti-HAV concentrations of 6-year-old children who had responded to a three dose hepatitis A vaccine series at ages 2, 4 and 6 months. Group 1 children were born to anti-HAV-negative women; Group 2 children had anti-HAV-positive mothers and PMA at 2 months of age. Children without detectable antibody at 6-year follow-up were offered a booster dose [360 enzyme-linked immunosorbent units (ELU)]. An anamnestic response was defined as a postbooster anti-HAV concentration of greater than or equal to 400 mIU/ml. Results. At follow-up, before the booster dose, Group 1 subjects had a higher geometric mean concentration (50 mIU/ml vs. 18 mIU/ml, P = 0.007), and a larger proportion retained seroprotective concentrations of anti-HAV [21 of 31 (68%) vs. 4 of 17 (24%)] compared with Group 2 subjects. The two stage antibody decline curves for the two groups from 8 months old to follow-up testing were parallel. An anamnestic response occurred in all (5 of 5) Group 1 and 67% (4 of 6) of Group 2 children. The geometric mean antibody concentrations after the booster were 1102 and 406 mIU/ml for Groups 1 and 2, respectively (P = 0.10). Conclusions. Infants with PMA who receive hepatitis A vaccine have significantly lower concentrations of anti-HAV 6 years later than infants with no PMA who receive hepatitis A vaccine. Immune memory may remain functional despite these lower anti-HAV concentrations.