Binary Zn-Ti alloys for orthopedic applications: Corrosion and degradation behaviors, friction and wear performance, and cytotoxicity

Zinc (Zn) and its biocompatible and biodegradable alloys have substantial potential for use in orthopedic implants. Nevertheless, pure Zn with a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure has only two independent slip systems, therefore exhibiting extremely low elongation and yield strength in its as-cast condition, which restricts its clinical applications. In this study, as-cast Zn-xTi (titanium) (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 wt.%) binary alloys were hot-rolled and their microstructures, mechanical properties, wear resistance, and cytocompatibility were comprehensively investigated for orthopedic implant applications. The microstructures of both as-cast and hot-rolled Zn-xTi alloys consisted of an alpha-Zn matrix phase and a TiZn16 phase, while Zn-0.2Ti and Zn-0.3Ti exhibited a finer alpha-Zn phase due to the grain-refining effect of Ti. The hot-rolled Zn-0.2Ti alloy exhibited the highest yield strength (144.5 MPa), ultimate strength (218.7 MPa), and elongation (54.2%) among all the Zn-xTi alloys. The corrosion resistance of Zn-xTi alloys in Hanks' solution decreased with increasing addition of Ti, and the hot-rolled Zn-0.3Ti alloy exhibited the highest corrosion rates of 432 mu m/y as measured by electrochemical testing and 57.9 mu m/y as measured by immersion testing. The as-cast Zn-xTi alloys showed lower wear losses than their hot-rolled counterparts. The extracts of hot-rolled Zn-xTi alloys at concentrations of <= 25% showed no cytotoxicity to MG-63 osteosarcoma cells and the extracts of Zn-xTi alloys exhibited enhanced cytocompatibility with increasing Ti content. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.