Interface electronics: State-of-the-art, opportunities and needs

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in electronics for interfacing with sensors and actuators, and also suggests future needs and research directions. In particular, it focuses on "smart" sensors and actuators, and argues that interface electronics should not be designed in isolation, but rather at the system level. Thus, the discussion focuses on the challenges and opportunities involved in integrating transducers, conventional and emerging electronic devices, mixed-signal circuits (including front-ends, data converters, references, and power management), and packaging. Several microsystem design examples are also presented to illustrate the key concepts. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.