Developing policy-relevant river ish monitoring in Greece: Insights from a nationwide survey

A wide-ranging river ish survey was executed in the summer of 2009 as part of the preparatory actions for the establishment of a monitoring programme for the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). This was the first extensive electrofishing campaign for WFD standardised bioassessment in Greece and the experience and insights gained are used here to provide a review of ish-based assessment conditions and requirements in this country. The survey sampled 85 sites on 25 rivers throughout mainland Greece, collecting 70 species of freshwater ish. Quantitative site-based assemblage data is used for taxonomic and ordination analyses revealing a strong biogeographic regionalisation in the distribution of the ichthyofauna. The structural and spatial organisation of the ish fauna using species-level and community-level data analyses is explored in three ecoregions where data was deemed sufficient. Transitions in community taxonomic composition among ecoregions were abrupt and concordant with geographical barriers, reflecting the influence of historical biogeographic processes. Community-based analysis revealed a substantial degree of variation in quantitative attributes of the ish assemblages among ecoregions. Key conclusions of this work are: (a) the ish-based bioassessment system must be regionalised to reflect biogeographic variation; (b) high faunal heterogeneity among ecoregions (taxonomic, structural), and to a lower degree among basins, constrains the transferability of bioassessment metrics and indices created for explicit regions to other regional frameworks; (c) faunal depauperation in most of the study areas reduces the utility of functional bioassessment metrics and also limits the utilisation of rare species and the applicability of the classical form of the "Index of Biotic Integrity" concept. Recommendations to cope with these problems are discussed.