Impact of electric vehicles and realistic dish-Stirling solar thermal system on combined voltage and frequency regulation of multiarea hydrothermal system

The effective and reliable operation of an interconnected power system (PS) is a major concern, because of the large amount of power contribution from the intermittent renewable energy sources to the power grid. Energy storage (ES) devices are employed to enhance the reliability of the PS operation. Electric vehicles (EVs) are a novel type of distributed ES device that may be utilized to compensate for power imbalances. This paper discusses the participation of EVs for combined frequency and voltage control under conventional PS along with a thermal, hydro, realistic dish-Stirling solar thermal system (RDSTS). Appropriate physical constraints such as governor dead band and generation rate constraints are equipped with thermal and hydro plants, and communication delay between the generating unit and load dispatch center is considered. An aggregate EVs model, RDSTS, and a new cascade controller named fractional-order proportional-derivative with filter coefficient cascaded with tilt-integral-derivative (CFOPDN-TID) controller are provided in all areas for various studies. An artificial flora algorithm is employed to determine the optimal value of the various controller parameters under several scenarios. The system dynamics of the CFOPDN-TID controller outperform the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and TID controllers under various conditions. The incorporation of EVs improves the system performance in terms of less settling time, and peak deviation, and reduce oscillations. The system performance degrades with increases in the communication time delay of the EVs. The integration of RDSTS into the system provides better dynamics than the dish-Stirling solar thermal system. Numerous studies have been conducted to validate the robustness of the proposed CFOPDN-TID controller.