Strain status of epitaxial Ge film on a Si (001) substrate

An epitaxial Ge film was grown on a Si (001) substrate via a two-step process through the molecular beam epitaxy technique. The strain status of non-annealed and annealed epitaxial Ge films was determined by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and a combination of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and geometric phase analysis. Results showed that the strain in non-annealed and annealed epitaxial Ge films is nonhomogeneous from the Ge/Si interface to the Ge film surface. The strain parallel to the interface in the non-annealed epitaxial Ge film is compressive; this strain reaches a minimum near the surface and a maximum at the interface. By contrast, the strain parallel to the interface in the annealed epitaxial Ge film is tensile; this strain reaches a minimum at the interface and a maximum near the surface. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.