IL-1β: an important cytokine associated with febrile seizures?

Febrile seizures (FSs) are the most common convulsions in childhood. Studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between a history of prolonged FSs during early childhood and temporal sclerosis, which is responsible for intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. It has been shown that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) is intrinsically involved in the febrile response in children and in the generation of FSs. We summarize the gene polymorphisms, changes of IL-1 beta levels and the putative role of IL-1 beta in the generation of FSs. IL-1 beta could play a role either in enhancing or in reducing neural excitability. If the enhancing and reducing effects are balanced, an FS does not occur. When the enhancing effect plays the leading role, an FS is generated. A mild imbalance can cause simple FSs while a severe imbalance can cause complex FSs and febrile status epilepticus. Therefore, anti-IL-1 beta therapy may help to treat FSs.