Areas covered: This review summarizes TLR9 signaling and the impact of TLR9 agonists on the immune response. The most recent experimental and clinical data are analyzed as well as the development of new TLR9 agonists in current clinical trials. Expert opinion: Application of TLR9 agonists, in particular, combination strategies with chemo- or radiotherapy seem a promising and efficient immunotherapeutic approach in cancer patients even with refractory disease. Simultaneous application of TLR9 agonists aims at supporting the patient's immune response and overcoming specific immunosuppressant strategies developed by tumors. Combinatory approaches of the future might also seek for synergism of TLR9 agonists with other immunomodulatory strategies such as B-cell activation using the CD40--CD40L system.
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Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY USA
Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Immunol Program, New York, NY USAMem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY USA
Smith, Melody
Garcia-Martinez, Elena
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Hosp Univ Morales Meseguer, Hematol & Oncol Dept, Murcia, SpainMem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY USA
Garcia-Martinez, Elena
Pitter, Michael R.
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Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY USA
Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Immunol Program, New York, NY USAMem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY USA
Pitter, Michael R.
Fucikova, Jitka
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Sotio Ac, Prague, Czech Republic
Charles Univ Prague, Univ Hosp Motol, Fac Med 2, Dept Immunol, Prague, Czech RepublicMem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY USA
Fucikova, Jitka
Spisek, Radek
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Sotio Ac, Prague, Czech Republic
Charles Univ Prague, Univ Hosp Motol, Fac Med 2, Dept Immunol, Prague, Czech RepublicMem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY USA
Spisek, Radek
Zitvogel, Laurence
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INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France
Gustave Roussy Comprehens Canc Inst, Villejuif, France
Ctr Clin Invest Biotherapies Canc CICBT, F-1428 Villejuif, France
Univ Paris Sud Paris XI, Le Kremlin Bicetre, FranceMem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY USA
Zitvogel, Laurence
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Kroemer, Guido
Galluzzi, Lorenzo
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Univ Paris Descartes Paris V, Paris, France
Weill Cornell Med Coll, Dept Radiat Oncol, 525 East 68th St,Box 169, New York, NY 10065 USA
Sandra & Edward Meyer Canc Ctr, New York, NY USAMem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY USA
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Univ Paris 09, Paris, FranceInst Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Eggermont, Alexander
Sautes-Fridman, Catherine
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Univ Paris 05, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
Ctr Rech Cordeliers, Equipe 13, Paris, France
Hop Europeen Georges Pompidou, AP HP, Pole Biol, Paris, FranceInst Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Sautes-Fridman, Catherine
Galon, Jerome
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Univ Paris 05, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
Ctr Rech Cordeliers, Equipe 15, Paris, France
INSERM, U872, Villejuif, France
Univ Paris 06, Paris, FranceInst Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Galon, Jerome
Zitvogel, Laurence
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Univ Paris 09, Paris, France
INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, FranceInst Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Zitvogel, Laurence
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Kroemer, Guido
Galluzzi, Lorenzo
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Inst Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Univ Paris 05, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
Ctr Rech Cordeliers, Equipe Labelisee Ligue Natl Canc 11, Paris, FranceInst Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France