A real-time monitor using wavelet analysis of the Doppler heart sound for the detection of venous air embolism

A fast detection algorithm for venous air embolism (VAE) was developed and implemented as a real-time monitor for detecting embolic heart sound and estimating embolic air volume, Its performance was evaluated under bolus injection of sub-clinical (0.01 to 0.80 mi) and continuous infusion of clinically significant (0.80 to 9.60 mi) air volumes in anaesthetized dogs. The clinically significant air emboli could be estimated based on the calibration curve obtained during sub-clinical VAE for a subject, The monitor also kept track of the cumulative embolic air volumes and alerted the anaesthetists once a predefined clinically significant embolic air volume was reached, As both humans and dogs share similar physiological conditions, our monitor for dogs are expected to be applicable to humans.