MetILs3: A Strategy for High Density Energy Storage Using Redox-Active Ionic Liquids

A systematic approach is presented for increasing the concentration of redox-active species in electrolytes for nonaqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs). Starting with an ionic liquid consisting of a metal coordination cation (MetIL), ferrocene-containing ligands and iodide anions are substituted incrementally into the structure. While chemical structures can be drawn for molecules with 10 m redox-active electrons (RAE), practical limitations such as melting point and phase stability constrain the structures to 4.2 m RAE, a 2.3x improvement over the original MetIL. Dubbed "MetILs(3)," these ionic liquids possess redox activity in the cation core, ligands, and anions. Throughout all compositions, infrared spectroscopy shows the ethanolamine-based ligands primarily coordinate to the Fe2+ core via hydroxyl groups. Calorimetry conveys a profound change in thermophysical properties, not only in melting temperature but also in suppression of a cold crystallization only observed in the original MetIL. Square wave voltammetry reveals redox processes characteristic of each molecular location. Testing a laboratory-scale RFB demonstrates Coulombic efficiencies > 95% and increased voltage efficiencies due to more facile redox kinetics, effectively increasing capacity 4x. Application of this strategy to other chemistries, optimizing melting point and conductivity, can yield > 10 m RAE, making nonaqueous RFB a viable technology for grid scale storage.