[1] Kochi Univ Technol, Sch Econ & Management, Kochi, Kochi, Japan
[2] Kwansei Gakuin Univ, Sch Sociol, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
[3] Hokkaido Univ, Publ Policy Sch, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
[4] Kobe Univ, Grad Sch Humanities, Dept Psychol, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
[5] Waseda Univ, Sch Polit Sci & Econ, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo, Japan
[6] Peace Res Inst Oslo PRIO, Oslo, Norway