Integrating Constraints to the Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting Deer Hunting Participation

This article predicted deer hunting behavior using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and constraint-integrated TPB models. The data were collected using a two-staged mail back survey with Oregon hunters in 2008-2009. Structural equation modeling showed that TPB explained 51% variance in the intentions and 21% in reported participation. Among the constraint-integrated models, fear, time, money and distance, and the total constraint-integrated models explained 2% to 4% more variance in participation; only perceived behavioral control (PBC) was a significant predictor of participation. Evidence of the roles of the TPB predictors in constraint negotiation were found. Recommendations are made for using more comprehensive measures of TPB predictors and specific measures of constraints for understanding a phenomenon. Programs for enhancing PBC and reducing internal and external constraints through skill development and providing more satisfying hunting opportunities are recommended.