Co-creation as social innovation: including 'hard-to-reach' groups in public service delivery

IMPACT This article identifies three conditions that facilitate public sector organizations' use of inclusive co-creation to achieve social innovation: a commitment to the inclusion of minoritized groups; active strategies for encouraging the participation of minoritized groups; and providing an environment in which minoritized groups can contribute, by sharing power with them so that substantive design inputs are incorporated in service delivery. For public sector organizations at the local level, these conditions can help with making design choices at the start of the co-creation process to ensure that minoritized groups are represented in decision-making processes. Co-creation then becomes the means through which social innovation is achieved because organizations address the social needs of minoritized groups.