Fundamental and subphenomena of boiling heat transfer

Boiling process can be widely used in different industrial applications. In this two-phase heat transfer, the latent heat of vaporization of a liquid is used for dissipating large amount of heat flux. This feature makes boiling process suitable for thermal management of numerous thermal systems. Generally, boiling is a complex phenomenon due to the connection with combination of phase change and perturbation in a region with irregular internal structure. The current paper focuses on an in-depth review on the boiling subphenomena including the mechanisms involved in nucleation, bubble formation, and micro-mechanisms involved in the boiling micro-layer. The boiling in pipe bundle is also investigated. The particulate fouling of micro- and nanoparticles during boiling heat transfer is deeply studied, and techniques for the mitigation of fouling are suggested. According to the results achieved from this review, the research gaps and current challenges are recognized and highlighted for the future studies in this field.