RETRACTED: Relationship between Severity of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis and Ligamentum Flavum Hypertrophy and Serum Inflammatory Factors (Retracted Article)

Objective. This study is aimed at investigating the correlation between lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) severity, ligamentum flavum hypertrophy, and the upregulation of inflammatory markers. Methods. From March 2019 and May 2022, eighty-five inpatients with LSS were enlisted as the study's research group, while sixty-five patients hospitalized for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation over the same time period served as the study's control group. Moreover, mild, moderate, and severe subgroups of patients were created within the research population based on their LSS severity. The ligamentum flavum thickness and the positive expression rates of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta 1, and IL-1 alpha were compared between the study group and the control group. The levels of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta 1, and IL-1 alpha that were found to be positively expressed were compared between the mild, moderate, and severe groups. Patients with LSS had their ligamentum flavum thickness and their positive expression rates of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta 1, and IL-1 alpha analyzed using Spearman correlation analysis. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of the positive expression rates of IL-alpha 1, TGF-beta 1, and TNF-alpha and ligamentum flavum thickness in distinguishing the severity of LSS using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results. The rates of both lower limb pain (40.00%) and intermittent claudication (80.00%) in the LSS group were higher than those in the lumbar disc herniation group (15.38%, 12.31%), with statistical significance (P < 0.05). However, no substantial disparity was observed in left lower limb pain, right lower limb pain, low back pain, lower limb sensation, muscle strength, and reflex abnormalities between the two groups (P > 0.05). Positive expressions of TGF-beta 1, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 alpha and thicker ligamentum flavum were more prevalent in the LSS group than in the lumbar intervertebral disc herniation group. All indexes were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the moderate stenosis group than in the severe stenosis group. Additionally, the thickness of the ligamentum flavum and the positive expression rates of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta 1, and IL-1 alpha were higher in the mild and moderate stenosis groups than in the severe stenosis group. The expression levels of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta 1, and IL-1 alpha were favorably linked with ligamentum flavum thickness (P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the thickness of ligamentum flavum, the expression of IL-1 alpha, the expression of TGF-beta 1, and the expression of TNF-alpha could effectively diagnose mild, moderate, and severe LSS (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy and positive expression rates of IL-1 alpha, TGF-beta 1, and TNF-alpha are closely linked to LSS, which can effectively identify mild, moderate, and severe LSS.