Active Manipulating propagation in the graphene hybrid plasmonic waveguides in mid-infrared region

A novel hybrid plasmonic waveguide of the graphene-coated V-groove and waveguide structure is proposed. The subwavelength confinements and the propagation of the graphene surface plasmon polaritons modes of the hybrid graphene-coated waveguide are reached. The mode field energies can be well confined in the V-groove or the waveguide and be adjusted by varying the chemical potential of graphene. The mode confinement becomes weaker and the propagation length gets longer as the chemical potential of grapheme increasing. In addition, adjusting the radius of the waveguide and the frequencies could change the mode propagation and the higher mode is achieved. The finite element method (FEM) has been employed to study the mode distributions and electromagnetic responses of our designs at mid-infrared frequencies.