Palaeoenvironment and biogeography of a late MIS 3 fossil beetle fauna from South Taranaki, New Zealand

Fossil beetles from a last glacial landslide-generated lake-forest sequence aged 33 480-34 410 cal. yr BP (late Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3)) are identified from the Waitotara Valley in South Taranaki, North island, New Zealand. The stratigraphy indicates that the landslide caused changes to local hydrology, resulting in the formation of a lake-swamp environment and subsequent transition to forest. Fossil leaves Suggest a forest dominated by Nothofagus menziesii, and radiocarbon ages indicate the site was forested for around 4000 yr. A fossil beetle-based temperature estimate using the maximum likelihood envelope method indicates the climate was cooler than present day. The distributions of the fossil beetle taxa are examined and compared with the modern ecological patterns. The fossil fauna is very typical of a modern-day Nelson (northern South Island) fauna. None of the beetle species is present in the modern South Taranaki fauna and many taxa such as Platypus caviceps, Alema paradoxa, Rhyzobius consors, Syrphetodes ater, Cyclaxyra impressa and species of Grynoma and Pycnomerus are now absent from part or all of the lower North Island. This is important because the lower North island is currently an area of low diversity and endemism and these results Suggest this biogeographical pattern stems from the last glaciation. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.