Advanced degrees, gender, and professional rank in surgery, disparities in academic medicine

Introduction: Women comprise nearly half of all residents in training, yet there is a significant disparity of women in academic leadership. Surgical subspecialties are dominated by men in both percentages of physicians and leadership positions. We sought to examine the association of advanced non-medical degrees with academic rank and gender in academic surgery departments. Methods: Faculty from 126 ACGME-accredited academic medical centers were analyzed to identify faculty gender as described in online biographical information, advanced non-medical degrees, academic rank, and additional leadership positions held. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used for statistical analyses. Results: 4536 surgeons were identified, 69.3% men, 27.3% female, and 3.3% unlisted. Female surgeons were more likely to hold advanced non-doctoral degrees than men (18.2% vs. 13.8%, p < 0.002). Among those with advanced degrees, PhDs were held by 3.3% of women and 5.7% of men (p < 0.001). Female surgeons were less likely to hold the rank of Professor than male surgeons (15.8% vs 30.3%, p < 0.001), and more likely to hold the rank of Assistant Professor than male surgeons (51.9% vs 36.1%, p < 0.001). This likelihood remained true when analyzing only surgeons with one or more advanced non-medical degrees. Men were more likely to be Chair of Surgery (3.0%), Division Chief (9.6%), and Research Chair (0.5%); compared to women (1.3%; 4.8%; 0.2%; p 1/4 0.001, <0.001, 0.21 respectively). Conclusions: There continues to be a significant male predominance in general surgery. Gender discrepancy is also seen in professional rank and academic title despite women holding more advanced degrees. Advanced degrees are currently considered academic qualifications, but this does not reflect surgical academic leadership roles or rank.