Pilot tone-based prospective correction of respiratory motion for free-breathing myocardial T1 mapping

Objective To provide respiratory motion correction for free-breathing myocardial T1 mapping using a pilot tone (PT) and a continuous golden-angle radial acquisition. Materials and methods During a 45 s prescan the PT is acquired together with a dynamic sagittal image covering multiple respiratory cycles. From these images, the respiratory heart motion in head-feet and anterior-posterior direction is estimated and two linear models are derived between the PT and heart motion. In the following scan through-plane motion is corrected prospectively with slice tracking based on the PT. In-plane motion is corrected for retrospectively. Our method was evaluated on a motion phantom and 11 healthy subjects. Results Non-motion corrected measurements using a moving phantom showed T1 errors of 14 +/- 4% (p < 0.05) compared to a reference measurement. The proposed motion correction approach reduced this error to 3 +/- 4% (p < 0.05). In vivo the respiratory motion led to an overestimation of T1 values by 26 +/- 31% compared to breathhold T1 maps, which was successfully corrected to an average difference of 3 +/- 2% (p < 0.05) between our free-breathing approach and breathhold data. Discussion Our proposed PT-based motion correction approach allows for T1 mapping during free-breathing with the same accuracy as a corresponding breathhold T1 mapping scan.