Device-device interaction between cardiac implantable electronic devices and continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices

The current design of an innovative left ventricular assist device (LVAD) makes use of magnetic levitation technology, which enables the rotors of the device to be completely suspended by magnetic force, reducing friction and blood or plasma damage. However, this electromagnetic field can result in electromagnetic interference (EMI), which can interfere with proper functioning of another car-diac implantable electronic device (CIED) in its direct proximity. Approximately 80% of patients with an LVAD have a CIED, most frequently an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Several device-device interactions have been reported, including EMI -induced inappropriate shocks, inability to establish telemetry connection, EMI-induced premature battery depletion, undersens-ing by the device, and other CIED malfunctions. Unfortunately, additional procedures, including generator exchange, lead adjust-ment, and system extraction, are frequently required because of these interactions. In some circumstances, the additional procedure might be preventable or avoidable with appropriate solutions. In this article, we describe how EMI from the LVAD impacts the func-tionality of the CIED and provide possible management options, including manufacturer-specific information, for the current CIEDs (eg, transvenous and leadless pacemakers, transvenous and subcu-taneous ICDs, and transvenous cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemakers and ICDs).