Gas Hydrates for Hydrogen Storage: A Comprehensive Review and Future Prospects

As concerns about environmental pollution grow, hydrogen is gaining attention as a promising solution for sustainable energy. Researchers are exploring hydrogen's potential across various fields including production, transportation, and storage, all thanks to its clean and eco-friendly characteristics, emitting only water during use. One standout option for hydrogen storage is through gas hydrates, unique structures mainly composed of water molecules. These hydrates have attracted interest as a green method for storing hydrogen. A noteworthy advantage is that they release only water vapor when used, aligning with environmental goals. However, ongoing research is essential to improve how efficiently these hydrates form under different conditions. This review paper offers a comprehensive overview of research into using gas hydrates for hydrogen storage. While early efforts focused on storing pure hydrogen, current studies delve into modifying the conditions and speeds of the formation using various promoters that impact the thermodynamics and kinetics involved. Some researchers suggest new strategies that enable trapping multiple hydrogen molecules within a single hydrate cage, potentially enhancing hydrogen storage capacity. Moreover, the use of materials such as porous substances, surfactants, and amino acids has been extensively investigated to enhance interactions between water and gas, resulting in accelerated formation rates. By advancing these strategies, gas hydrates could become a more practical material for hydrogen storage. Given the urgency of reducing carbon emissions and curbing environmental harm, gas hydrates stand out as a promising option for sustainable energy advancement.