Advancing the hydrogen production economy: A comprehensive review of technologies, sustainability, and future prospects

The transition to a hydrogen-based economy presents a promising solution to the challenges posed by unsustainable energy systems and reliance on fossil fuels. This comprehensive review explores various hydrogen production methods, emphasizing their technological advancements, sustainability implications, and future prospects. Beginning with an overview of hydrogen's significance as a clean energy carrier, the review examines key production methods such as Steam Methane Reforming, Electrolysis (Proton Exchange Membrane, alkaline, solid oxide), Biomass Gasification, Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting, and Thermochemical Processes. Each method is scrutinized for its efficiency, environmental impact, and scalability, providing valuable insights into their roles in advancing the hydrogen economy. The review highlights the transformative potential of hydrogen production to replace fossil fuels due to its ability to store renewable energy long-term and its zero emissions. It also discusses potential technological advancements, including high-efficiency solid-state electrolysis and advanced catalysts for water splitting, highlighting avenues for innovation in hydrogen production. Additionally, policy recommendations aimed at promoting the hydrogen economy and fostering collaboration between academia, industry, and governments are elucidated. Through a detailed analysis of hydrogen production technologies and future prospects, this review contributes to shaping the trajectory of sustainable energy systems, advancing the adoption of hydrogen as a key energy vector, and underscoring the importance of alternative and sustainable energy sources.