Nano-quantum sensors-based imaging and sensing for target-based drug discovery and development

Biological imaging and sensing are vital for understanding the biochemical and biological processes related to drug discovery and development. Nano-quantum sensors such as quantum dots and fluorescent nanodiamonds are luminescent nanoparticle sensors with excellent optical properties originating from quantum effects, and these sensors are promising for long-term imaging and physicochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, owing to the requirements of biological compatibility and target specificity for such sensor applications, modifying the sensor surfaces is essential. Moreover, owing to the demand for imaging- and sensing-assisted therapies (theranostics), a combination of nano-quantum sensors and therapeutic agents has been developed via surface modifications. We herein outline advanced surface modifications of nano-quantum sensors and their applications in in vitro and in vivo imaging, sensing, and therapy for target-based drug discovery and development.