A detailed tire tread friction model considering dynamic friction states

Characterizing tire tread friction behavior across various driving scenarios remains challenging due to complex rubber properties. Addressing this, we present a viscoelastic model enhanced with detailed dynamic friction states of the tread. Specifically, this novel model comprehensively accounts for a two-dimensional contact patch and key rubber features such as viscoelasticity, adaptable elasticity, and the speed/load dependency of the coefficient of friction. Experiments with solid rubber wheels validate the model's accuracy in capturing tread rubber friction performance under diverse loads and speeds. Finally, the comparison with other models underscores the advancement of the proposed model and provides valuable insights for sophisticated tire tread friction modeling. This research forms the base for exploring friction -related tire wear and particle emissions.