Sustainability-Oriented Low-Carbon Innovation in SOEs: A Case Study of Shanghai Metro

State-owned enterprises (SOEs) encounter various constraints on sustainability in low-carbon development due to institutional hybridity. This study aimed to examine how SOEs develop sustainability-oriented innovation (SOI) toward low-carbon development. Drawing on a case study of Shanghai Metro, we developed a process model for sustainability-oriented low-carbon innovation (SLI) in SOEs. The model illustrated that implementing a national low-carbon strategy introduces environmental, social, and financial constraints on sustaining value pluralism for SOEs, triggering the actors to develop SLI involving sensing and idea generation, configuration, and transformation, resulting in innovative low-carbon operational processes, products/services, and business models which reconcile environmental benefits, financial returns, and social welfare. This paper enriches the emerging research on SOI and extends the existing understanding of low-carbon innovation. Beyond this, the findings also offer a new lens of SLI to the conventional research and managerial practices concerning SOEs' hybridity and low-carbon development.