Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Three Bulgarian Garden Thyme Essential Oils

Garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is an annual herbaceous plant of the family Lamiaceae. It can be found both in the wild and as a cultivated plant in Bulgaria. This study is aimed at assessing the garden thyme essential oil composition and antioxidant activities, which were collected from three different areas in Bulgaria. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main compounds in the garden thyme essential oils (over 2%) were as follows: thymol (42.88-53.55%), p-cymene (14.25-25.51%), gamma-terpinene (6.58-15.51%), borneol (2.75-3.57%), carvacrol (2.00-3.02%), beta-linalool (2.07-2.31%), cis-sabinene hydrate (4.05%), eucalyptol (1.08-3.65%), alpha-terpinene (1.01-3.24%), carvacrol methyl ether (1.18-3.02%), and thymol methyl ether (2.26-3.16%). The oils were mainly composed of oxygenated phenyl propanoids, and all the essential oils belonged to the chemotype thymol. Antioxidant activities were measured by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) and ABTS [2,2 '-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] assays. All the samples exhibited antioxidant activity relative to the DPPH radical (from 143.20 mM TE/mL to 165.91 mM TE/mL) and by the ABTS method (from 121.67 mM TE/mL to 127.62 mM TE/mL). These garden thyme essential oils could be used as natural antioxidants for food and as nutraceuticals.