Comparative Accuracy of Stationary and Smartphone-Based Photogrammetry in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Clinical Study

Background: Three-dimensional facial scan technologies, such as stereophotogrammetry, are frequently used in oral and maxillofacial surgery, dentistry, and plastic surgery to assess patient outcomes and plan surgical procedures. Most facial scanners rely on stationary clinical systems, which provide high accuracy and reliability in generating 3D representations of the human face; however, they are cost-intensive and immobile. Recently, smartphone-based facial scan applications that use stereophotogrammetry have been developed. These applications are cost-effective and more accessible than existing stationary systems. Methods: In this study, we compared the accuracy of three different smartphone applications-EM3D, Polycam, and ScandyPro-on an iPhone 14 Pro, which utilizes Apple's LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology, to a stationary system by 3DMD, which is considered a gold standard in many studies. Results: The applications included in the study have demonstrated the capability to perform accurately in clinical settings, with mean surface distances of 1.46 mm for EM3D, 1.66 mm for Polycam, and 1.61 mm for ScandyPro. Conclusions: These results suggest that smartphone-based facial scan systems could be a viable alternative, particularly in resource-limited settings. However, further research and collaboration between academia and industry are necessary to fully integrate these technologies into clinical practice.