Remote sensing and GIS techniques for investigating air pollution's impact on major crop yields

Climate variables and exposure to air pollution have caused significant decreases in agricultural productivity. This study demonstrates the substantial cumulative effects of pollution in the air on crop yields. To examine satellite-based observations of Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Ozone (O3), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) concentrations in studies to figure out a spatiotemporal variation of air pollution. All of the pollutants measured by satellite during this study demonstrated statistically significant increases. The spatial measurements of important pollutants like PM2.5, SO2, O3, NO2, and AOD increased by 210.36%, 213.04%, 2.83%, 27.07%, and 73.96%, which are trends that are statistically important at the 95% or more fundamental dependability respectively, from 1980 to 2022, 2005 to 2022, and 2000 to 2022. Using a suitable time series technique, the study also examines crop production rates and air pollution from 1993 to 2017. The cointegration test confirms long-term correlations between crop production rate and air pollution. Estimating the Error Correction Model (ECM) shows a long-term causal relationship between crop production and pollution. Pollution may have affected agricultural output during that time. This research helps to examine agricultural sustainability. Mapping and monitoring croplands and production rates can help governments and international organizations reduce food security threats.