Studies of the atmospheric boundary layer over Moscow by remote sensing and direct methods

Analyzed are the main results of a complex experiment performed in Moscow and the Moscow Region in summer of 1991. Simultaneous observations of the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (mostly thermal) by direct methods, radiosounding, and acoustic remote sensing confirmed a number of regularities well-known in climatology, such as the consecutive reversal of temperature stratification in the diurnal cycle, the cross-over effect in the surface inversion structure over cities, the conversion height existing in vertical wind speed profiles, etc. A preliminary estimate of the spatial inhomogeneity of the temperature lapse rate in the lower atmospheric layer is obtained. The reliability is confirmed of the determination of temperature stratification from acoustic echosonde measurements. Errors are found in measurements by the Ostankino tower sensors (probably due to the effect of the TV tower).