Meeting the challenge of mitigating Li-ion battery fires for aviation

The aviation industry faces a pressing challenge in reducing its environmental footprint, especially with the projected growth in global passenger traffic. Electrification and more-electric aircraft, particularly through Lithium-ion Battery (LiB) systems, offers a promising pathway to reduce emissions but introduces significant safety concerns, particularly regarding thermal runaway (TR) events. This prospective paper examines the unique challenges posed by aviation environments for developing safe LiB systems. It discusses multifaceted mitigation approaches, integrating fire containment structures with advanced thermal management and fire protection technologies. Various cooling technologies and fire suppression agents are explored for their effectiveness in extinguishing LiB fires and mitigating thermal runaway propagation. Integrated LiB suppression systems are proposed to combine fire containment, suppression, and thermal management functionalities for achieving the demanding specific energy density levels that will be required. Scaling safe LiB pack solutions for commercial aviation requires coordinated efforts among regulators, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), engineers, and researchers to establish standardized design criteria, develop validated modeling tools, and establish rigorous certification testing requirements. In conclusion, addressing the safety concerns of large LiB packs in aircraft applications requires a holistic, integrated approach. This paper provides insights into current research, identifies key challenges, and outlines future directions for advancing LiB safety in aviation.