"All you need is compassion?" a latent profile analysis of neglect and self-compassion on child mental health

Background: Neglect is a common form of child maltreatment and profoundly affects children's mental health globally. Self-compassion may help children cope with neglect but the role of self-compassion in neglect context has been understudied. This study identifies distinct patterns of self-compassion and child neglect and explores how neglect and self-compassion profiles correlate with child mental health. Methods: The sample includes 3342 children aged 8-16 (49.6 % female) from a national survey of 29 provinces in China using a multistage sampling method. We used latent profile analysis to identify distinct profiles of selfcompassion and neglect and examine their combined effects on child mental health, including both positive indicators (hope, resilience) and negative indicators (anxiety, depression, academic burnout, and peer problems). Results: We identified four neglect/self-compassion profiles: Adaptable Self-Carers (average neglect/high selfcompassion), Vulnerable Languishers (high neglect/low self-compassion), Stable Self-Soothers (low neglect/ average self-compassion), and Opportune Thrivers (low neglect/high self-compassion). The Vulnerable Languishers group exhibited the poorest mental health outcomes, whereas the Opportune Thrivers showed the best outcomes. Adaptable Self-Carers, although experiencing more neglect than Stable Self-Soothers, had better mental health than the latter, possibly due to their greater self-compassion. Limitations: The cross-sectional design limits our ability to determine causality, and the use of self-reported measures increases response bias risk. Conclusions: More self-compassion and less neglect are associated with more positive mental health outcomes. Moreover, self-compassion is a potential protective factor against the adverse effects of neglect on child mental health. Fostering self-compassion may boost positive adjustment in children who have experienced neglect.