Probabilistic impact localization in composites using wavelet scattering transform and multi-output Gaussian process regression

Data -driven machine -learning models offer considerable promise for acoustic source localization. However, many existing models rely on training data that correlates time -of -flight (TOF) measurements with source locations, yet they struggle to handle the complexities arising from nonlinear wave propagation in materials with varying properties. Furthermore, these models overlook the noise and uncertainties inherent in realworld experiments when predicting outputs. This paper aims to bridge a gap in impact localization for such structures, particularly focusing on scenarios involving noisy field measurements. This study proposes a framework based on probabilistic machine learning to identify impact locations, utilizing wavelet scattering transform (WST) and Multi -Output Gaussian Process Regression (moGPR). WST extracts informative features from Lamb waves, capturing relevant signatures for training the probabilistic machine learning model, while moGPR estimates correlated impact location coordinates (x, y) while accounting for inherent uncertainties in the data. To assess the proposed method's performance in handling measurement uncertainties, an experiment was conducted using a CFRP composite panel instrumented with a sparse array of piezoelectric transducers. The results demonstrate that the probabilistic framework effectively addresses measurement uncertainties, enabling reliable source location estimation with confidence intervals and providing valuable insights for decision -making.