Train separation at cruising speed, how it can improve current railway operations

This paper systematically reviewed the slipping operation, which is a train separation at cruising speed. For this, we describe the historical and operational background of the operation scenario practiced for over 100 years. Based on the concept of slipping, we discuss the holistic potential to improve current railway operations, considering travel time saving, energy saving, the increase of capacity utilization, station topology, driver requirements, and vehicle usage. Finally, a simulation of a theoretical urban railway line with several scenarios quantifies the magnitudes of the improvements. Based on the slipping test cases, one parameter can improve enormously, e.g., up to -65 % energy saving, -33 % capacity usage, and travel time reductions. Otherwise, slipping can slightly improve several parameters simultaneously.