A model for end-of-life recovery in the automotive sector in Malaysia

End -of -life vehicle (ELV) recovery factors are influenced by many critical factors and have a complex interrelationship. Thus, the aim of this study is to provide insight into the complexity of this interrelationship based on the Malaysian stakeholders' viewpoints. On -site semi -structured interviews were carried out and a dynamic hypothesis was applied to develop causal loop diagrams (CLDs) for the ELV recovery model in Malaysia. According to the ELV recovery model, the stakeholders' green index understanding, ELV volume, recycle bin components, and remanufactured component volume contributed to enhancing the ELV recovery effectiveness. Furthermore, according to secondhand automotive spare part dealers, there is a demand for OEM parts for reuse purposes. Service centers extend their responsibility by recycling certain items such as batteries, alternators, starters, and old doors to scrap metal dealers. However, it is found that currently, remanufacturers face shortage of ELV recovery component volume due to the limited supply. Thus, there is a critical need for the government to implement a policy for deregistered vehicles that are no longer roadworthy. In addition, this study provides insights into the useability of the ELV recovery model using an illustrative scenario analysis and provides the interrelated factors based on causal evidence. The main result of this study can be revisited and further analyzed to simulate ELV recovery scenarios using system dynamics approach.