Health and mental health considerations present many challenges to the child welfare system and play a significant role in the care of children in out-of-home care. This paper reviews the unique health care needs of children in the out-of-home care system and the standards developed over the past decade to deliver comprehensive health care services to this population. Key policy and practice questions are raised for each standard to facilitate effective implementation of the recommendation. Future research efforts should concentrate on collecting and evaluating data from existing programs to aid in refining and directing policy and practice in the field of child welfare.