The momentum spectra of protons emitted at angles 0.103 and 0.157 rad as a result of the fragmentation of deuterons with momentum 9 GeV/c on nuclei of hydrogen, deuterium, and carbon have been measured in the JINR synchrophasotron by means of a magnetic spectrometer. The shape of the high-momentum parts of the proton spectra is found to be independent of the type of target and is therefore determined solely by the deuteron structure and by the mechanism of the deuteron-nucleon interaction. The proton spectra in the H-1 (d,p) X reaction are calculated according to light-front dynamics with deuteron structure functions corresponding to the Paris and Bonn potentials, and to the Reid soft-core potential. The contributions from elastic and inelastic scattering of the nucleons of the deuteron by the proton, from the stripping process, from their interference, and from excitation of virtual pions are taken into account. The best agreement with the experimental data is achieved with the deuteron wave function for the Paris potential.