CARBON-DIOXIDE AS A PHOSGENE REPLACEMENT - SYNTHESIS AND MECHANISTIC STUDIES OF URETHANES FROM AMINES, CO2, AND ALKYL CHLORIDES

Several carbamate esters were synthesized from amines, carbon dioxide, and alkyl chlorides. The effect of added base on the yield and selectivity of carbamate ester formation was found to be highly important with the use of sterically hindered guanidine bases giving the best results. Relative rate studies were carried out giving the following order of reactivity between carbamate anions in acetonitrile with benzyl chloride giving carbamate esters: Et(2)NCO(2)(-) = Bu(2)NCO(2)(-) > t-BuNHCO(2)(-) CyNHCO(2)(-) = s-BuNHCO(2)(-) > PhNHCO(2)(-) > CyCH(2)NHCO(2) = n-octylNHCO(2)(-) = n-BuNHCO(2)(-). Rate studies were carried out with the diethyl, s-butyl, phenyl, and n-butyl carbamates and activation parameters were determined to be Et(2)NCO(2)(-), Delta H-double dagger = 11.8 kcal/mol, Delta S-double dagger = -33 eu; s-BuNHCO(2)(-), Delta H-double dagger = 12.8 kcal/mol, Delta S-double dagger = -33 eu; PhNHCO(2)(-), Delta H-double dagger = 14.3 kcal/mol, Delta S-double dagger = -28 eu; n-BuNHCO(2)(-), Delta H-double dagger: = 23.4 kcal/mol, Delta S-double dagger = -3 eu. The unusual results obtained from the use of n-BuNHCO(2)(-) prompted further studies which showed that the rate of reaction was inversely dependent on carbon dioxide pressure (20 psig CO2, k = 4.84 x 10(-4) M(-1) s(-1); 120 psig CO2, k = 1.83 x 10(-4) M(-1) s(-1)). Nitrogen NMR spectroscopy indicated, via a labeling study with N-15 amines and C-13 enriched carbon dioxide, the formation of a doubly inserted product from the addition of two carbon dioxides to ethylamine in acetonitrile.