A qualitative study of causes of prescribing errors among junior medical doctors in a Nigeria in-patient setting

Aims: The aims of this study were to identify and understand the factors underlying prescribing errors in order to determine how to prevent them. Materials and Methods: A prospective qualitative study that involved face-to-face interviews and human factor analysis in a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Central Nigeria, from July 2011 to December 2011. Pharmacists in the study hospital prospectively reviewed prescription orders generated by doctors in selected wards (male and female medical, pediatric and the private wing wards) and identified prescribing errors. The 22 prescribers involved in the errors were interviewed, and given questionnaires to discover factors causing the errors. A model of human error theory was used to analyze the responses. Results: Responses from the doctors suggest that most errors were made because of slips in attention. Lack of drug knowledge was not the single causative factor in any incident. Risk factors identified included individual, team, environment, and task factors. Junior doctors were affected by the prescribing habits of their seniors. Organizational factors identified included inadequate training/experience, absence of reference materials and absence of self-awareness of errors. Defenses against error such as other clinicians and guidelines were absent or deficient, and supervision was inadequate. Conclusions: To reduce the risk of prescribing errors, a number of strategies addressing individual, task, team, and environmental factors such as training of junior doctors, enforcing good practice in prescription writing, supervision, and reviewing the workload of junior doctors must be established.