Microgravity and the human exploration of space technology challenges

If humans are to explore space beyond low-earth orbit, their health and welfare must be ensured, not only for survival in harsh environments but also so that they can work productively. The requisite technologies, and human physiology itself, are subject to reduced levels of gravity that are indigenous to space travel. Numerous studies have shown that it will require many years of intensive research to develop reliable, efficient, and self-sustaining technologies and to understand the effects of gravity on humans. The research community that was developed to provide crucial specific information has essentially been deactivated because of budget constraints. Thus, the great engineering challenge-to develop advanced and novel technologies that will enable further space exploration-will remain for future generations. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.