MECHANISMS OF TRANSMISSION OF ALCOHOLISM AND ALCOHOL-ABUSE WITHIN THE FAMILY

It has been demonstrated in twin and adoption studies that genetic as well as environmental factors both contribute to the risk for alcoholism. The impact of specific environmental factors remains controversial particularly for family environment. The only identified genetic risk factors affect the metabolism of alcohol; these genes mediate by protection against consumption of alcohol. However, the mutant genes are too rare in the European population to be of major impact. Currently a multifactorial model is most plausible with multiple genes contributing to the risk of alcoholism. Alcohol dependence, alcohol abuse, and ''problem drinking'' are apparently placed on one continuum of behaviour determined by genetic and environmental factors.