The Transition from the Later Stone Age to Iron Age in Kondoa, Central Tanzania

Many scholars assume that the spread of Iron Age (IA) agropastoralism traditions to Sub-Saharan Africa was associated with the domination, assimilation, or dislocation of Later Stone Age (LSA) autochthonous populations. Archaeological data from Kondoa, central Tanzania show evidence of interaction between IA agropastoralists and LSA hunter-gatherers around 1030 years bp. Despite that, replacement of the LSA traditions seems to have taken a considerably slow pace, leading to the suggestion that autochthonous LSA groups were not displaced or assimilated by IA people but became agropastoralists through a process of acculturation. This outcome raises questions about the reliability of the assimilation or displacement models typically used by scholars to account for the fate of prehistoric LSA hunter-gatherers during contact with IA agropastoralists in Sub-Saharan Africa.