China’s economic statecraft in Europe

China’s economic statecraft in Europe relies upon three distinct strategies: specific and diffuse reciprocity, and strategic engagement—each designed to advance a specific type of policy objective. However, the tensions between a reciprocity and engagement strategy have undermined China’s efforts to reassure Europeans of Beijing’s benevolent intent. This article compares Beijing’s three strategies through case studies of China’s efforts to discourage European receptions of the Dalai Lama, secure market economy status, and Beijing’s response to Europe’s post-2009 financial crisis.